chapter 19 history Flashcard

chapter 19 history

addition essays

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Kinesiology as a Massage therapist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kinesiology as a Massage therapist - Essay Example These increased blood circulation will increases both our physical and mental activities. Kinesiological principles were built up one these body movements which are now extensively used in massage therapy, research, the fitness industry, and in industrial environments. â€Å"When a person seeks the help of a kinesiologist, the practitioner will study the client as a whole. This is because kinesiology theory suggests that the mind and body are inexplicitly linked and that one has a vital affect on the other.† (Kinesiology) The author is relatively a new massage therapist, who found immense value of kinesiology in massage therapy. He believes that applied kinesiology (muscle testing) can be used to evaluate symptoms and conditions presented by his clients. When client’s came in for a session with me, I would stand them up and do body reading to analyze the structural distortions. (McCann) Muscles are the body part which controls the body movements and hence as per the kinesiology principles, in order to study body movements, the massage therapist must first evaluate the functioning of the muscles. McCann‘s arguments are justified considering the opinion of Arlene Green, written in the article Touch for Health Kinesiology for Massage Therapists. In his opinion â€Å"Each muscle is associated with a specific meridian energy pathway Massage may only be a temporary fix to chronic muscle problems, if the underlying cause isn’t being addressed. The weak muscles are often the real culprit in causing muscle imbalance† (Green) Another argument put forward by McCann in this article is that â€Å"The effectiveness and accuracy of massage treatment can be increased if kinesiology is applied properly. (McCann) Kinesiology will help the massager to identify the problematic areas of our body after analysing the body movements and can concentrate more on the defective areas. The patient will experience difficulties in moving the

The Rwandan Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Rwandan Genocide - Essay Example Grave judgement errors on the part of the Bill Clinton and Mary Albright administration have resulted in catastrophic scarring on the Rwandan people. For example, the US could have used their technology to jam the radio signals that were broadcasting the hate messages. The US could not have asked the UN for total withdrawal of the UN peacekeepers in Rwanda, demanding the UN and its members to adopt the policy "learn to say no" to risky or costly ventures. The UN itself could have deployed national troops or UNAMIR or a combination of both forces to confront the Hutu militia, that could have saved lives. One of the most alarming fact comes from Lt-General Dallaire who had to spend nearly 70% of his time battling UN logistics while he was in charge of the UN peacekeeping office in Rwanda. Dallaire wanted 5000 troops to be deployed, but had to compromise with 25000 UNAMIR soldiers that weren't even equipped to perform basic tasks. If only the UN and its member states had looked at the evidence rather than their costs. It is incomprehensible that the UN cited short supply of cash when requests for medical supplies came. Dallaire found it very hard to procure replacement spare parts, batteries, medical supplies and even ammunition locally. Justice is the right of every human being. ... The important feature of these local courts is that perpetrators who confess will have their sentences halved along with maintaining the traditional aspect of apology and reparations to victims through compensation fund or community service. In my opinion, confessions should be mandatory since it will bring some sort of closure to the survivors and their families and allow the accuser to comprehend what he has done. Evidence of this was reported by the Washington Post that wrote that "the accused have committed suicide following the resurfacing of their suspected actions". The punishment should fit the crime. But many genocide survivors feel that the punishment of community services handed out by Rwanda courts is insignificant to the violence inflicted on them. The international tribunal does not impose the death penalty however, and the Rwandan government in January 19, 2007, approved a law to abolish the capital punishment. The maximum sentence the tribunal can impose is life in imprisonment while the Gacaca can try suspects accused of murder or assault (but not rape) and can hand out life sentences as maximum punishments. Coincidentally, although legislators included crimes of sexual torture among those to be most severely sanctioned, judicial personnel have shown little interest in prosecuting such crimes. As of the end of March 1998, the United Nations Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda had registered only eleven cases of persons charged with sexual crimes although such crimes were widely reported to have occurred during the genocide.1 The Gacaca requires additional review since it is supported by even the prisiones themselves as fair and appropriate. As Alana Erin Tiemessen, writing in African Studies Quarterly at the University of Florida,

Personal Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Interview - Essay Example The first question for Anne was about how women get respect and break through the glass ceiling. Confidently, she believes that education is the key to getting respect from the industry aside from experience and training. Although she has observed that nowadays, more women are given better jobs but access to top managerial jobs still remains â€Å"severely restricted†. Anne also related how much she enjoys doing her job although other people label her as â€Å"bulldog†. The reason for that is her ability to see things transparently, detect risks as well as weaknesses that makes them vulnerable. However, the labeling does not affect her at all since she knows that in the end, her suggestions would do good once a project is finished. Anne also shares her positive experience in the online courses and seminars that her company is constantly providing to its employees. The classes and seminars helps Anne to be more effective although she has already gained a reputable experience in the industry. It seems that Anne is never too old to learn and humble enough to accept new thoughts which is a good indication of an innovator. ...Well let’s see, I go to a department I know nothing about, I sit down with the manger analyze their controls and their day to day work flow. I then asked at the end of the day how do you know you have covered everything you are suppose to do, they would look at me with a blank face, and I would say do you have a checklist, and their response as always would be no. After a couple of these meetings I would have them coming up to me asking Anne how you think I can implement procedures to mitigate my risks. She admits that she does not know anything about the certain department and that her expertise is Risk Management. But because of her exposure to different positions in the industry ( Operations Control, Trading Assistant, Equity Market Risk Management, Credit Risk Management) Anne is

Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) CHAPTER 5 – TREATMENT As we have read previously, clinically isolated syndrome may develop to multiple sclerosis and because there is no way of determining whether an individual will undergo to develop MS after having an episode of demyelination, making the decision to treat and monitor the ongoing changes very difficult. Evidence have suggested that the earlier the start of disease modifying agents in the early course of MS the more effective they are. There are numerous studies have indicated that starting disease modifying agents after clinically isolated syndrome delays the onset of MS, but these studies remains controversial. There have been arguments whether or not to start disease modifying agents after a clinically isolated syndrome. Those who support the start of these agent following diagnosis of CIS cite the results of some clinical trials that shows that these drugs reduce the risk of developing to MS by one third. A â€Å" treat all early â€Å" approach have been proposed as best to ensure all people who would go on to developing MS do receive the treatment . The other side of this argument have existing evidence for the disease modifying agent in MS shows only modest short term effectiveness in high risk cases of CIS. Treatment is unnecessary for those who would never gone on to developing MS after CIS. Four large clinical trials have been conducted to determine whether early treatment following an episode of CIS can delay the 2nd clinical episode, and therefore the diagnosis of clinically definite MS 5.1 Controlled High-Risk Subjects Avonex MS Prevention Study (CHAMPS) The goals of the study are: The early induction interferon beta-1a (AVENOX ) treatment can delay the 2nd episode of demyelination which in turn can signal definite MS If the treatment would have any benefits on MRI detected brain lesions. Subjects have in this study had experienced a single episode of isolated neurological event suggesting demyelination and had multiple clinically silent MRI lesions, which they represent a high risk for a second neurological attack (definite MS) (40, 41). The results indicated that AVENOX (interferon beta-1a) had significantly delay the 2nd neurological attack, and MRI finding showed that AVENOX can decrease the volume of brain lesions and as well as fewer lesions . Based on this study, the FDA approved that patients with clinically isolated syndrome with MRI detected brain lesions to receive AVENOX .figure(2).(40)(42) Figure (2): impact of interferon beta following first neurological attack Source:https://quo.novartis.com/extavia/images/extavia_EFFICACY1_banner.jpg 5.2 Early Treatment Of MS ( ETOMS ) The goals of the study are: Determine if very low doses of interferon beta 1a (REBIF) delay’s the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis in people who experienced only one clinical event but had multiple MRI lesions (43,44). Results indicated that: The group of people who received interferon beta-1a (REBIF) who developed clinically definite MS (34%) is fewer than the group of people receiving placebo (45%) during the period of the study.(45) The number of new lesions has decreased in the treatment group and the demyelination areas is significantlylower.figure(3).(45) Figure (3 ): compression between the groups receiving REBIF and placebo Source:http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/image.cfm?archiveid=100714type=imgname=rebif-01.jpg 5.3 Betaseron In Newly Emerging MS For Initial Treatment (BENEFIT) The goals of the study: Determine if interferon beta-1b can delay the onset of clinically definite MS in subjects with first clinical sign of MS or CIS who are at a high risk for developing MS (46). Results At day 255 of the study, one quarter of the subjects in the placebo group had developed clinically definite MS. In the other hand, it took 618 days for approximately same number of subjects in the treatment group to develop clinically definite MS. (47) After the two years study, it was determined that 28% of the subjects under the treatment group had developed clinically definite MS compared to the 45% of the placebo group (47) The FDA has approved that patients who have experienced CIS and have MRI feature consistent with MS to receive the treatment with Betaseron figure (4). Figure (4): comparison between Betaseron receiving group and placebo group Source:http://www.iodine.com/label-content/261fde67-efb2-4bd7-947e-4f68a56e76ff-c71a5c99d2acf2ddb0e66c9266460f4c.jpg 5.4 The pre-CIS study Study goals Determine the period of time it takes for subjects diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome receiving glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone ) to develop a second attack that would confirm the diagnosis of definite MS. Results indicated that the group who received glatiramer acetate in comparison with the placebo group, has significantly reduced the risk of developing clinically definite MS. Based on these results, the FDA has indicated to that individuals who have had first clinical episode and MRI feature consistent with MS to receive copaxone as treatment. Based on these trials , it have been approved the necessity of starting treatments as soon as possible for clinically isolated syndrome patients and those who have first clinical episode and MRI evidence suggestive of multiple sclerosis (48). The interferons agents should be used with high cautions by depressed patients or individuals with history of depression because of some evidence indicated that these meds may progress the depression symptoms. In patients with depression the physician should give best possible treatment decision to not worsen the depression episodes and in same time have positive effects in the case of treatment purpose (49). 5.5 Interferon beta medication Avonex (interferon beta- 1a): it has been shown in the previous clinical trials to reduce the frequency of relapses in MS and the number of the new lesions on MRI, and it also reduces the disease progression. It has been also shown that Avonex reduces the risk to develop MS in clinically isolated syndrome at high risk patients. Uses: CIS and relapsing forms of MS (secondary progressive MS). Dosage: 30 micrograms once a week: IM injection. Side effect: flue-like symptoms following the injections, depressions, anemia, elevated liver enzymes and liver toxicity. Betaseron (interferon beta-1b): in the previous clinical trials, betaseron has shown that it reduces the frequency and severity of relapses. In addition, it also showed that it reduces the number of new lesions or even active lesions on MRI. Like Avonex, betaseron have also the ability to delay the onset of MS in people with CIS and has been approved by the FDA for this use specifically.(50) Uses : CIS and relapsing forms of MS ( secondary progressive MS ) Dosage : 250 micrograms once every two days : subcutaneous injection Side effects: flue like symptoms after injections, injection site reaction, depression, elevated liver enzymes and low white blood cells counts. Rebif (interferon beta-1a): has shown to reduce the frequency, relapses and the number of new / active lesions on MRI. Like avonex and betaseron, rebif has demonstrated that it can delay the onset of MS in patients with CIS. But, unfortunately it have not been approved by the FDA for this use yet. (51) Uses : CIS and relapsing forms of MS ( secondary progressive MS ) Dosage: 20 micrograms every day : subcutaneous injection Side effects: flue like symptoms after injections, injection site reaction, depression, elevated liver enzymes and low white blood cells counts. Copaxone (glatiramer acetate): in addition to interferon beta drugs, Copaxone has shown to reduce frequency of relapses and the number of new/active lesions on MRI scan. It’s been used in relapsing remitting type of multiple sclerosis. Until the present, the mode of action have not been discovered. Some theories have been suggested but no scientifically proven theory is discovered.(51) Uses : CIS and relapsing remitting forms of MS Dosage 44 micrograms 3 times a week : subcutaneous injection Side effects: injection site reactions, a reaction after injection, anxiety, chest tightness, dyspnea and flushing. In conclusions, there is no definite treatment of multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome in the presence of demyelination of the central nerve system. But, reducing the amount of the lesions, frequency of the episodes and prolonging the period of developing MS in high risk patient is the goals we are looking for. CIS can be difficult to diagnose or to determine whether or not to start the treatment, and the physician may find a hard time to find the best decision in these cases keeping in mind that the sooner the beginning of the treatment the less progressive the disease is (52). 5.6 Prevention Given to the heterogeneous etiological factors and often idiopathic characteristic of CIS, there are no clear means of prevention exists. In postinfectious patients with CIS, prevention of the infection is the best means of prevention. In acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, almost 70% of cases are associated with infections and 5% (approximately) with vaccination. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis rates are estimated with 1.5 per millions (2 per million) in association with live measles vaccine compared to 1 in 1000 risk of postinfectious ADE with measles infections, suggesting that vaccines may decrease the risk of post infection complications. Unfortunately, vaccines are not available for all bacteria and viruses (53).

The Poetics of Carol Muske and Joy Harjo :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Poetics of Carol Muske and Joy Harjo I began a study of autobiography and memoir writing several years ago. Recently I discovered two poets who believe that recording one’s place in history is integral to their art. Carol Muske and Joy Harjo are renowned poets who explore the intricacies of self in regards to cultural and historical place. Muske specifically addresses the poetics of women poets, while Harjo addresses the poetics of minority, specifically Native American, writers. Both poets emphasize the autobiographical nature of poetry. Muske and Harjo regard the self as integral to their art. In this representation of self, Muske and Harjo discuss the importance of truth-telling testimony and history in their poetics. Muske says, â€Å"†¦testimony exists to confront a world beyond the self and the drama of the self, even the world of silence—or the unanswerable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Muske 16). Muske asks, â€Å"The question of self, for a woman poet†¦is continually vexing†¦what is a woman’s self?† (Muske 3). Women have historically had their self created for them by the patriarchal society in which they live, which leaves contemporary women wondering how to define a woman’s self at all. Even if they, as women, can create a self, how accurate is it? Muske muses on what is a truth telling self since a woman’s perception of truth is colored always by what the patriarchal society is telling her is truth. Muske says in her poem â€Å"A Private Matter†, â€Å"†¦there are the words, dialogue of people you once became or not†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . It is in these words that a woman finds herself, a poem of all the selves in a self, but not without a cost. In â€Å"Epith†, Muske muses: You forget yourself with each glittering pin, each chip off the old rock, each sip of the long toast to your famous independence, negotiated at such cost— and still refusing to fit. â€Å"The inclination to bear witness seems aligned with the missing self† (Muske 4). Women create the ‘missing’ self by telling their stories, not the stories that have been told to them by a male dominated society, but those stories that define that missing self. In so doing, Muske reiterates the statement James Olney makes when he says, â€Å"... even as the autobiographer fixes limits in the past, a new experiment in living, a new experience in consciousness ... and a new projection or metaphor of a new self is under way† (Olney).